The correct answer is Only II. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • Article 38 of the Indian Constitution directs the State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people by ensuring social, economic, and political justice. Statement I incorrectly attributes this mandate to Article 39. Hence, statement I is incorrect. • Article 40 requires the State to take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. Hence, statement II is correct. • The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution of India, spanning from Article 36 to Article 51. • While the DPSPs are non-justiciable, Article 37 declares that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country, and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. Related Concepts: • Article 39: • It contains specific principles of policy to be followed by the State, such as ensuring adequate means of livelihood for all citizens and the equitable distribution of material resources. • It also promotes equal pay for equal work for both men and women and the prevention of concentration of wealth. • Classification of DPSP: • Socialistic Principles: These aim at establishing a welfare state (e.g., Articles 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47). • Gandhian Principles: Based on the ideology of Mahatma Gandhi (e.g., Articles 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48). • Liberal-Intellectual Principles: These reflect the ideology of liberalism (e.g., Articles 44, 45, 48, 48A, 49, 50, 51). • Constitutional Amendments: • The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new DPSPs: Article 39 (opportunities for healthy development of children), Article 39A (Free legal aid), Article 43A, and Article 48A. • The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 provided a constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions, fulfilling the objective of Article 40.