The correct answer is Option 2. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • Article 123 of the Indian Constitution grants the President the power to promulgate ordinances when both houses of Parliament are not in session. • This power allows the President to issue temporary laws that have the same effect as an Act of Parliament. • These ordinances must be approved by Parliament within a specified period of time or they will cease to operate. • It's important to note that the President's power to promulgate ordinances is not absolute and can be subject to certain limitations and conditions as prescribed by the Constitution. • The ordinances must meet the requirements of immediate necessity and urgency, and they cannot be issued on matters that fall outside the legislative competence of Parliament. Related Concepts: • The President of India, as the head of state and the constitutional head of the executive, has various powers and functions outlined in the Indian Constitution. Some of the key powers of the President include: • Executive Powers • Legislative Powers • Diplomatic Powers • Emergency Powers • Judicial Powers