• 42nd Amendment Act enacted during an emergency imposed by Mrs. Indira Gandhi is also known as mini-constitution because of the important & large number of changes made to it. • It is considered the most controversial constitutional amendment in history as it attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts. • The amendment at that time removed election disputes from the purview of the courts and transferred more power from the state governments to the central government • The Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens were also laid down. • It changed the description of Preamble of Indian Constitution from "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic". The "unity of the nation" was changed to "unity and integrity of the nation". • 44th Amendment Act - It was enacted by the Janata Party which had won the 1977 general elections and promised Indian citizens to restore the constitution as it was before the 42nd Amendment Act. However, it could not fulfill its promise. The fundamental right of property was removed under this amendment act. • 74th Amendment Act - This act provided a common framework for the structure and mandate of urban local bodies to enable them as local Self Government. Constitution of Municipalities took place under this act. • 73rd Amendment Act -This Amendment provided a Constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions through the insertion of Article 243 to Part IX of Constitution of India.