The Correct answer is Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973). Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The Kesavananda Bharati case is considered one of the most significant constitutional cases in Indian history. • It established the Basic Structure Doctrine, which holds that the Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its fundamental features. • The case was filed by Kesavananda Bharati, a religious leader from Kerala, challenging certain land reform laws enacted by the state. • The Supreme Court ruled that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution under Article 368, this power is limited by the doctrine of basic structure. • The judgment emphasized features like the sovereignty, democratic character, secularism, federalism, and independence of the judiciary as integral to the basic structure. • This landmark judgment acted as a safeguard against misuse of constitutional amendment powers and preserved the essence of the Constitution. Related Concepts: • Shankari Prasad vs Union of India (1951) • This case dealt with the validity of the First Amendment to the Constitution. • The Supreme Court ruled that Parliament had the power to amend Fundamental Rights under Article 368. • The case did not address the concept of the basic structure doctrine. • IC Golaknath vs State of Punjab (1967) • In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament could not amend Fundamental Rights. • The judgment was later overturned in the Kesavananda Bharati case. • This case paved the way for the debate that led to the basic structure doctrine. • Minerva Mills vs Union of India (1980) • This case reinforced the basic structure doctrine established in the Kesavananda Bharati case. • The Supreme Court struck down amendments that violated the balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. • It further emphasized the limitations on Parliament's amending powers.