📌 Detailed Analysis & Key Provisions: • The Supreme Court propounded the 'Doctrine of Basic Structure' on April 24, 1973, in the landmark case of 'Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala'. • Delivered by the largest-ever 13-judge constitutional bench in India's legal history with a 7:6 majority decision. • The Court held that while Parliament enjoys plenary constituent power under Article 368 to amend any part of the Constitution, it cannot alter, damage, or emasculate the Constitution's core identity or essential features (e.g., supremacy of the Constitution, democratic republic, rule of law, federalism, separation of powers, and judicial review). 📚 Related Exam Facts & Comparative Overview: • Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951): Challenged the 1st Constitutional Amendment. The Court ruled that Parliament's amending power under Article 368 includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights. • I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967): An 11-judge bench overturned earlier rulings, declaring that Fundamental Rights possess a transcendental position and Parliament has no power to abridge or take away Part III rights. • 24th Constitutional Amendment (1971): Parliament amended Articles 13 and 368 to assert unrestricted power to amend any part of the Constitution, neutralizing the Golaknath verdict. • Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980): The Court reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine and struck down clauses (4) and (5) of Article 368 inserted by the 42nd Amendment, reiterating that a limited amending power is itself a basic feature.