The correct answer is Only I. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • Kol Rebellion - 1831-32: • The Kol Rebellion occurred during the years 1831-1832 in the region of Chotanagpur in present-day Jharkhand. • This rebellion was led by the Kol tribal community against the oppressive policies of the British East India Company and the exploitation by moneylenders and landlords. • The British introduction of new land revenue policies disrupted the traditional structure of the Kol society, leading to their revolt. • The rebellion spread across the districts of Ranchi, Singhbhum, and Hazaribagh, among others, and was violently suppressed by the British forces. • Hence, statement I is correct. • Santhal Rebellion - 1859: • The Santhal Rebellion actually occurred during the years 1855-1856, not 1859, making the statement incorrect. • This uprising was led by the Santhal tribal community under the leadership of prominent figures such as Sido and Kanhu Murmu. • The rebellion originated in the Rajmahal Hills (present-day Jharkhand) as a response to the exploitation by landlords, moneylenders, and the British administration. • The rebellion is significant as it marked one of the first organized tribal uprisings against colonial oppression. • Hence, statement II is incorrect. Related Concepts: • Kol Rebellion: • The Kol community, along with other tribes, faced severe exploitation due to the changes in land revenue systems introduced by the British. • The rebellion was marked by violent attacks on British officials, moneylenders, and zamindars (landowners). • Despite their initial success, the Kols were ultimately defeated due to the superior military power of the British forces. • Santhal Rebellion: • The rebellion began when the Santhals declared rebellion in June 1855, intending to establish a Santhal kingdom free from British and zamindari rule. • The Santhals used bows and arrows as their primary weapons, while the British forces had access to modern firearms, which eventually led to the suppression of the rebellion. • In response to the rebellion, the British administration carved out the Santhal Pargana from the districts of Bhagalpur and Birbhum in 1855 to address tribal grievances. • Other Tribal Movements in Colonial India: • Bhils: The Bhil Revolt occurred in the Khandesh region during the 19th century due to British interference in their traditional way of life. • Munda Rebellion: The Munda Rebellion, led by Birsa Munda, took place in the late 19th century in the Chotanagpur plateau against British exploitation and feudal practices. Important Notes: • Key Features of Tribal Rebellions: • These movements were primarily triggered by the British colonial policies that disrupted traditional tribal systems. • Land alienation, economic exploitation, and cultural interference were common causes of these uprisings. • Many tribal leaders emerged as significant figures, inspiring future generations to resist oppression. • Significance of Tribal Revolts: • These uprisings highlighted the deep resentment of tribal communities against colonial rule. • They laid the foundation for future movements, including nationalist struggles against British imperialism.