The correct answer is Portuguese. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut in 1498 and returned to Portugal in the next year. • Pedro Alvarez Cabral arrived in 1500 and Vasco da Gama also made a second trip in 1502. • They established trading stations at Calicut, Cannanore, and Cochin. • The first governor of the Portuguese in India was Francis de Almeida. • Later in 1509 Albuquerque was made the governor of the Portuguese territories in India. In 1510, he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur. • Thereafter, Goa became the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India. • Albuquerque captured Malacca and Ceylon. • He also built a fort at Calicut. • Albuquerque died in and his successors established Portuguese settlements at Daman, Salsette, and Bombay on the west coast and at San Thome near Madras and Hugli in Bengal on the east coast. • The English East India Company was established in 1600. • Captain Hawkins arrived at the royal court of Jahangir in 1609 to seek permission to establish an English trading center at Surat but it was refused by the Mughal Emperor due to Portuguese pressure. • Later in 1612 when the Portuguese fleet was defeated by the English, Jahangir issued a Farman (permission letter) to the English and they established a trading factory at Surat in 1613. • Hence option 1 is correct.