The correct answer is Both 1 and 2. Explanation & Key Takeaways: Aligarh Movement • The Aligarh Movement emerged as a liberal, modern trend among the Muslim intelligentsia based on Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh. • It aimed at spreading modern education among Indian Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam. • Social reforms among Muslims relating to purdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women’s education, slavery, divorce, etc. were also advocated. • He also advocated Western Education among the Muslims. Hence statement 1 is correct. • It was founded by Syed Ahmed Khan. • He was a loyalist member of the judicial services of the Government. After retirement in 1876, he became a member of the Imperial Legislative Council 1878. • His loyalty earned him a knighthood in 1888. He wanted to reconcile western scientific education with the teaching of the Quran which was to be interpreted in the light of contemporary rationalism and science even though he also held the Quran to be the ultimate authority. Deoband school • The Deoband school, founded on widespread support from ashraf Muslims, provided an effective Islamic educational system. • It promoted the idea of returning to proper Islamic practice and laid the groundwork for a revived class of ulama who could function without the patronage or power of a Muslim state. Hence statement 2 is correct. • The Deoband Movement was organized by the orthodox section of the Muslim ulema. • It was a revivalist movement with two goals - to spread the pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims, and to keep the spirit of jihad against foreign rulers alive. • Rigidly orthodox, unlike the Wahhabis, and hostile to Sayyid Ahmed for both his theological innovations and political loyalism, Deoband attracted relatively poor students who could not afford Western education. • In contrast to the Aligarh Movement, which sought the welfare of Muslims through Western education and British government support, the Deoband Movement sought the moral and religious renewal of the Muslim community. • On the political front, the Deoband school supported the formation of the Indian National Congress and issued a fatwa (religious decree) in 1888 against Syed Ahmed Khan's organizations, the United Patriotic Association, and the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental Association.