The correct answer is By promoting indigenous industries and rejecting foreign products.. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The Swadeshi movement was officially proclaimed on August 7, 1905, at the Calcutta Town Hall, primarily as a reaction to the Partition of Bengal enacted by Lord Curzon. • The central strategy to counter British policies was the Boycott of foreign goods, specifically British-made textiles from Manchester and salt from Liverpool, aiming to cripple the colonial economy. • The movement emphasized Atmashakti (self-reliance), which led to the establishment of various indigenous industries, such as Swadeshi textile mills, soap factories, and match factories, to replace imported British products. • Leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (the Lal-Bal-Pal trio) transformed it into a mass movement, encouraging citizens to use only Swadeshi goods as a sign of national pride and resistance. • It was not just an economic struggle but also a cultural one, promoting National Education through institutions like the National Council of Education to reduce reliance on British-controlled academic systems. Related Concepts: • Partition of Bengal (1905): • The British claimed the partition was for administrative convenience, but it was actually a Divide and Rule tactic to weaken the Indian National Movement by creating a communal rift. • The day of the partition, October 16, 1905, was observed as a day of mourning, where people fasted and tied Rakhi to each other to signify unity. • Economic Nationalism: • The movement saw the rise of iconic indigenous enterprises, including the Bengal Chemical Pharmaceutical Works founded by Prafulla Chandra Ray. • The demand for handloom cloth surged, providing a major boost to the traditional weaving industry that had been decimated by British industrial competition. • Concept Analysis: • Military Drills: While secret revolutionary groups like Anushilan Samiti emerged, the mainstream Swadeshi movement focused on economic and educational passive resistance. • Diplomatic Councils: These were the focus of the Moderates, whereas the post-1905 movement moved toward Extremist methods involving mass mobilization.