Concept: • Various diseases are caused by animals or are transmitted by them to humans. Explanation: Malaria: • Malaria spreads only by the disease-carrying mosquitoes. • The vector of malaria is the female anopheles mosquito. • Malaria spreads only when a female mosquito that has bitten a malaria patient bites another person. • A blood test is done to check if a person has malaria or not. • People with malaria get a fever with chills, sweating, headache, nausea and rigours. • Malaria is caused by protozoan Plasmodium. • In early times, the dried and powdered bark of the Cinchona tree was used to make medicine for malaria. • Earlier people used to boil the bark powder and strain the water which was given to patients. • Now tablets are made from this in the form of quinine, chloroquine is given to patients. Amoebiasis: • Amebiasis is a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. • Amoebiasis infection is most common in tropical areas with polluted water. • It spreads through drinking or eating uncooked food, such as fruit, that may have been washed in contaminated local water. • Symptoms in mild cases include cramping and diarrhoea. • Bloody stools, fever, and, rarely, liver abscess may occur in severe cases. • Diagnosis can be difficult because other parasites can look very similar to E. histolytica when seen under a microscope. • Treatment includes antibiotics. Tuberculosis: • Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • Symptoms of tuberculosis include blood-stained cough, fever, loss of appetite, sweating, fatigue or weakness, severe loss of weight, chest pain, shortness of breath, etc. • Usually, this bacterium infects the upper respiratory tract. • The infection can spread to any organ like the kidney, spine & even in severe cases the brain also. • Tuberculosis is a communicable disease. • To protect people from getting infected by tuberculosis, BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine was developed. • BCG vaccine is administered to infants and children. Cholera: • It is an acute diarrhoeal infection. • It is caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. • Key symptoms are diarrhoea and dehydration. • Rarely, shock and seizures may occur in severe cases. Thus, the correct match is i - c, ii - a, iii - b, iv - d +-------------------+-------------------------------+ | i. Malaria | c. Plasmodium | +-------------------+-------------------------------+ | ii. Amoebiasis | a. Entamoeba histolytica | | iii. Tuberculosis | b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis | | iv. Cholera | d. Vibrio cholerae | +-------------------+-------------------------------+