The correct answer is 52nd Amendment. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • The Anti-Defection Law was formally introduced in India through the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1985. • This legislation was enacted during the government of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to maintain the stability of elected governments by preventing unethical floor-crossing. • The amendment added the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India, which provides for the disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures on grounds of defection. • Under this law, a legislator is deemed to have defected if they voluntarily give up the membership of their political party or vote against the party whip without obtaining prior permission. • The power to decide on disqualification rests with the Speaker or the Chairman of the respective House, whose decision was initially final but later made subject to Judicial Review by the Supreme Court in the Kihoto Hollohan case. Related Concepts: • 61st Amendment Act • Passed in 1988, this amendment reduced the minimum voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections. • It amended Article 326 of the Constitution to encourage greater youth participation in the democratic process. • 73rd Amendment Act • Enacted in 1992, it granted constitutional status and protection to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). • It added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution, mandating a three-tier structure of local self-government. • 44th Amendment Act • Passed in 1978 by the Janata Government, it aimed to nullify several controversial changes introduced by the 42nd Amendment during the Emergency. • It replaced the term internal disturbance with armed rebellion for declaring a National Emergency and removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights.