The Correct answer is 1, 2 and 3. Explanation & Key Takeaways: • Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented in India on July 1, 2017 to streamline indirect taxation. • GST replaced various indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments, simplifying the tax structure. • Additional Duty of Customs: This tax, also known as Countervailing Duty (CVD), was levied on imported goods to counterbalance excise duty on domestically manufactured goods. It has been subsumed under GST. • State VAT (Value Added Tax): It was a tax levied by individual states on the sale of goods. Under GST, this tax has been unified into a single system. • Central Excise Duty: This was a tax imposed on the manufacturing of goods within India. GST has replaced this duty for all goods except for certain products like petroleum and tobacco. • GST is implemented as a dual system in India, comprising Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST). • The introduction of GST has led to a transparent and efficient tax structure, reducing cascading effects of taxes. Related Concepts: • Additional Duty of Customs • Additional Duty of Customs was levied on imported goods to ensure fair competition between imported and domestically manufactured products. • This duty was primarily applicable to products that attracted excise duty within India. • Under GST, import duties have been streamlined, and such taxes are now subsumed under the Integrated GST (IGST). • State VAT • State VAT was introduced in India in 2005 as a replacement for Sales Tax. • It was levied by state governments and varied across different states. • With the implementation of GST, VAT is now replaced by a unified tax system, reducing inter-state taxation complexities. • Central Excise Duty • Central Excise Duty was a tax applied to goods manufactured within India. • It was governed by the Central Excise Act, 1944. • Under GST, excise duty is replaced for most goods except specific items like petroleum products, alcoholic beverages, and tobacco.